Month: October 2022

In 2013,Konze, Kyle D.; Ma, Anqi; Li, Fengling; Barsyte-Lovejoy, Dalia; Parton, Trevor; MacNevin, Christopher J.; Liu, Feng; Gao, Cen; Huang, Xi-Ping; Kuznetsova, Ekaterina; Rougie, Marie; Jiang, Alice; Pattenden, Samantha G.; Norris, Jacqueline L.; James, Lindsey I.; Roth, Bryan L.; Brown, Peter J.; Frye, Stephen V.; Arrowsmith, Cheryl H.; Hahn, Klaus M.; Wang, Gang Greg; Vedadi, Masoud; Jin, Jian published 《An Orally Bioavailable Chemical Probe of the Lysine Methyltransferases EZH2 and EZH1》.ACS Chemical Biology published the findings.Category: pyridine-derivatives The information in the text is summarized as follows:

EZH2 or EZH1 is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 that catalyzes methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27). The trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) is a transcriptionally repressive post-translational modification. Overexpression of EZH2 and hypertrimethylation of H3K27 have been implicated in a number of cancers. Several selective inhibitors of EZH2 have been reported recently. Herein we disclose UNC1999, the first orally bioavailable inhibitor that has high in vitro potency for wild-type and mutant EZH2 as well as EZH1, a closely related H3K27 methyltransferase that shares 96% sequence identity with EZH2 in their resp. catalytic domains. UNC1999 was highly selective for EZH2 and EZH1 over a broad range of epigenetic and non-epigenetic targets, competitive with the cofactor SAM and non-competitive with the peptide substrate. This inhibitor potently reduced H3K27me3 levels in cells and selectively killed diffused large B cell lymphoma cell lines harboring the EZH2Y641N mutant. Importantly, UNC1999 was orally bioavailable in mice, making this inhibitor a valuable tool for investigating the role of EZH2 and EZH1 in chronic animal studies. We also designed and synthesized UNC2400, a close analog of UNC1999 with potency >1,000-fold lower than that of UNC1999 as a neg. control for cell-based studies. Finally, we created a biotin-tagged UNC1999 (UNC2399), which enriched EZH2 in pull-down studies, and a UNC1999-dye conjugate (UNC2239) for co-localization studies with EZH2 in live cells. Taken together, these compounds represent a set of useful tools for the biomedical community to investigate the role of EZH2 and EZH1 in health and disease. In the experiment, the researchers used 5-Bromo-2-chloropyridine(cas: 53939-30-3Category: pyridine-derivatives)

5-Bromo-2-chloropyridine(cas: 53939-30-3) belongs to pyridine. Pyridines form stable salts with strong acids. Pyridine itself is often used to neutralize acid formed in a reaction and as a basic solvent. Category: pyridine-derivatives

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2014,Sharma, Sanjeev; Kim, Hyungjun; Lee, Young Hoon; Kim, Taewon; Lee, Yoon Sup; Lee, Min Hyung published 《Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Supported by Triarylborylpicolinate Ligand: Ratiometric Turn-On Phosphorescence Response upon Fluoride Binding》.Inorganic Chemistry published the findings.Synthetic Route of C7H6BrNO2 The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (CN̂)2Ir(Bpic) (4-6) (CN̂ = dfppy (4), ppy (5), btp (6)) supported by triarylborylpicolinate (Bpic) ancillary ligand were synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of 5 confirmed NÔ chelation of the Bpic ligand to the iridium center forming an (CN̂)2Ir-borane conjugate. While the UV/vis absorption bands of 4-6 remained almost unchanged in the low-energy region upon fluoride addition, a ratiometric turn-on phosphorescence response was observed for 4 and 5. In contrast, the phosphorescence of 6 was little affected by fluoride binding. Exptl. and theor. studies suggest that the LUMO in neutral 4 and 5 is dominated by the Bpic ligand, which makes the weakly emissive 3ML’CT/3LL’CT (L = CN̂; L’ = Bpic) states as the lowest-energy triplet excited state, while the fluoride binding to 4 and 5 induces the highly emissive 3MLCT/3ππ* states centered on the (CN̂)2Ir moiety. Thermally induced conversion from the 3MLCT/3ππ* to the 3ML’CT/3LL’CT states is suggested to be responsible for the low-energy weak phosphorescence in 4 and 5. In addition to this study using Methyl 5-bromopicolinate, there are many other studies that have used Methyl 5-bromopicolinate(cas: 29682-15-3Synthetic Route of C7H6BrNO2) was used in this study.

Methyl 5-bromopicolinate(cas: 29682-15-3) belongs to pyridine. Pyridine derivatives lend themselves to many roles in the spirited field of supramolecular chemistry – whether as the ligand backbone of metal-organic polymers or presiding over the key electronic stations of nanodevices. In biochemistry, pyridine-containing cofactors are necessary nutrients on which our lives depend. Synthetic Route of C7H6BrNO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2016,Chapman, Michael R.; Kwan, Maria H. T.; King, Georgina E.; Kyffin, Benjamin A.; Blacker, A. John; Willans, Charlotte E.; Nguyen, Bao N. published 《Rapid, metal-free and aqueous synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine under ambient conditions》.Green Chemistry published the findings.Category: pyridine-derivatives The information in the text is summarized as follows:

A novel, rapid and efficient route to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines I [R = H, 7-CH3, 6-NO2, etc.] under ambient, aqueous and metal-free conditions was reported. The NaOH-promoted cycloisomerization of N-propargylpyridiniums gave quant. yield in a few minutes (10 g scale). A comparison of common green metrics to current routes showed clear improvements, with at least a one order of magnitude increase in space-time-yield. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 2-(Bromomethyl)pyridine hydrobromide(cas: 31106-82-8Category: pyridine-derivatives)

2-(Bromomethyl)pyridine hydrobromide(cas: 31106-82-8) belongs to pyridine. Pyridines form stable salts with strong acids. Pyridine itself is often used to neutralize acid formed in a reaction and as a basic solvent. Category: pyridine-derivatives

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2017,Bhatt, V. P.; Samant, S. D.; Pednekar, Suhas published 《Nucleophilic addition of arylmethylzinc reagents (ArCH2ZnCl) to formaldehyde: An easy access to 2-(hetero)arylethyl alcohols》.Synthetic Communications published the findings.Category: pyridine-derivatives The information in the text is summarized as follows:

The nucleophilic addition of benzyl zinc reagents derived from inexpensive and abundant benzyl chlorides to paraformaldehyde was reported. The reaction investigated herein is hitherto unknown and was found to be selective, operationally simple, atom- and step-economical and high yielding to deliver phenethyl alcs. utilized as key perfumery ingredients in 60-83% yields. After successful establishment of the reaction condition, the reaction was also scaled up successfully to deliver a large-scale preparation of the phenethyl alc.2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine(cas: 103-74-2Category: pyridine-derivatives) was used in this study.

2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine(cas: 103-74-2) belongs to pyridine. In industry and in the lab, pyridine is used as a reaction solvent, particularly when its basicity is useful, and as a starting material for synthesizing some herbicides, fungicides, and antiseptics.Category: pyridine-derivatives

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2017,Pang, Lijuan; Bezencon, Jacqueline; Kleeb, Simon; Rabbani, Said; Sigl, Anja; Smiesko, Martin; Sager, Christoph P.; Eris, Deniz; Schwardt, Oliver; Ernst, Beat published 《FimH antagonists – solubility vs. permeability》.Carbohydrate Chemistry published the findings.HPLC of Formula: 29682-15-3 The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are among the most prevalent infections worldwide. Since frequent antibiotic treatment favors the emergence of antibiotic resistance, efficient non-antibiotic strategies are urgently needed. The first step of the pathogenesis of UTI is the bacterial adherence to urothelial host cells, a process mediated by the mannose-binding adhesin FimH located at the tip of bacterial pili. In a preliminary study, biphenyl α-D-mannopyranosides with an electron-withdrawing carboxylate on the aglycon were identified as potent FimH antagonists. Although passive permeability could be established by masking the carboxylate as an ester, insufficient solubility and fast hydrolysis did not allow to maintain the therapeutic concentration in the bladder for the requested period of time. By modifying the substitution pattern, mol. planarity and symmetry of the biphenyl aglycon could be disrupted leading to improved solubility In addition, when heteroatoms were introduced to the aglycon, antagonists with further improved solubility, metabolic stability as well as passive permeability were obtained. The best representative, the pyrrolylphenyl mannoside 42f exhibited therapeutic urine concentration for up to 6 h and is therefore a promising oral candidate for UTI prevention and/or treatment. In the experiment, the researchers used Methyl 5-bromopicolinate(cas: 29682-15-3HPLC of Formula: 29682-15-3)

Methyl 5-bromopicolinate(cas: 29682-15-3) belongs to pyridine. Pyridine is very deactivated towards electrophilic substitution with respect to benzene. For this reason classical formylation, using methods such as the Gattermann or Vilsmeier reactions, are not generally successful. HPLC of Formula: 29682-15-3

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2018,ACS Catalysis included an article by Siddiki, S. M. A. Hakim; Touchy, Abeda S.; Jamil, A. R. Md.; Toyao, Takashi; Shimizu, Ken-ichi. Safety of 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine. The article was titled 《C-Methylation of Alcohols, Ketones, and Indoles with Methanol Using Heterogeneous Platinum Catalysts》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

A versatile, selective, and recyclable heterogeneous catalytic method for the methylation of C-H bonds in alcs., ketones, and indoles with methanol under oxidant-free conditions using a Pt-loaded carbon (Pt/C) catalyst in the presence of NaOH is reported. This catalytic system is effective for various methylation reactions: (1) the β-methylation of primary alcs., including aryl, aliphatic, and heterocyclic alcs., (2) the α-methylation of ketones, and (3) the selective C3-methylation of indoles. The reactions are driven by a borrowing-hydrogen mechanism. The reaction begins with the dehydrogenation of the alc.(s) to afford aldehydes, which subsequently undergo a condensation reaction with the nucleophile (aldehyde, ketone, or indole), followed by hydrogenation of the condensation product by Pt-H species to yield the desired product. In all of the methylation reactions explored in this study, the Pt/C catalyst exhibits a significantly higher turnover number than other previously reported homogeneous catalytic systems. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the high catalytic activity of Pt can be rationalized in terms of the adsorption energy of hydrogen on the metal surface, as revealed by d. functional theory calculations on different metal surfaces. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine(cas: 103-74-2Safety of 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine)

2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine(cas: 103-74-2) belongs to pyridine. Pyridine is a relatively complex molecule and exhibits a number of different bands in IR spectra. Among others, the bands characterizing the ν8a and ν19b modes have been found to be sensitive to the coordination or protonation of the molecule. Note that the band that is diagnostic for the PyH+ ion at about 1545 cm− 1 (ν19b mode) does not overlap with any of the other bands.Safety of 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2019,Neurobiology of Aging included an article by Jacobs, Kelly R.; Lim, Chai K.; Blennow, Kaj; Zetterberg, Henrik; Chatterjee, Pratishtha; Martins, Ralph N.; Brew, Bruce J.; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Lovejoy, David B.. HPLC of Formula: 98-98-6. The article was titled 《Correlation between plasma and CSF concentrations of kynurenine pathway metabolites in Alzheimer’s disease and relationship to amyloid-β and tau》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Chronic kynurenine pathway (KP) activation is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiol. and results in quinolinic acid-induced excitotoxic stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. However, most studies focus on plasma and it is unclear if peripheral concentrations reflect brain concentrations and how these may correlate to the AD biomarkers amyloid-β, total-tau (t-tau), or phosphorylated-tau (p-tau). We characterized the KP in matched plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 20 AD patients and 18 age-matched control subjects. Plasma concentrations of kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine, anthranilic acid, picolinic acid, and neopterin significantly correlated with their resp. CSF levels. In patients with AD, plasma KYN (r = -0.48, p = 0.033) and picolinic acid (r = -0.57, p = 0.009) inversely correlated with CSF p-tau and t-tau, resp. Furthermore, in AD CSF, increased 3-hydroxykynurenine/KYN ratio correlated with t-tau (r = 0.58, p = 0.009) and p-tau (r = 0.52, p = 0.020). These data support KP involvement in AD pathogenesis and add to the case for the therapeutic modulation of the KP in AD. In addition to this study using Picolinic acid, there are many other studies that have used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6HPLC of Formula: 98-98-6) was used in this study.

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.HPLC of Formula: 98-98-6

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2019,Biosensors & Bioelectronics included an article by Song, Juan; Ni, Jiancong; Wang, Qinghua; Chen, Huangcan; Gao, Feng; Lin, Zhenyu; Wang, Qingxiang. Reference of Picolinic acid. The article was titled 《A planar and uncharged copper(II)-picolinic acid chelate: Its intercalation to duplex DNA by experimental and theoretical studies and electrochemical sensing application》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Using an external redox-active mol. as a DNA hybridization indicator is still a popular strategy in electrochem. DNA biosensors because it is label-free and the multi-site binding can enhance the response signal. A planar and uncharged transition metal complex, Cu(PA)2 (PA = picolinic acid) with excellent electrochem. activity has been synthesized and its interaction with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is studied by exptl. electrochem. methods and theor. mol. docking technol. The exptl. results reveal that the copper complex interacts with dsDNA via specific intercalation, which is verified by the mol. docking result. The surface-based voltammetric anal. demonstrates that the planar Cu(PA)2 can effectively accumulate within the electrode-confined hybridized duplex DNA rather than the single-stranded probe DNA. Based on this phenomenon, the Cu(PA)2 is utilized as an electrochem. hybridization indicator for the detection of oligonucleotides. The sensing assays show that upon incubation in Cu(PA)2 solution, the probe electrode does not display any Faraday signal, but the hybridized one has a pair of strong redox peaks corresponding to the electrochem. of Cu(PA)2, showing excellent hybridization indicating function of Cu(PA)2 without background interference. The signal intensity of Cu(PA)2 is dependent on the concentrations of the target oligonucleotide ranging from 1 fM to 100 nM with an exptl. detection limit of 1.0 fM. Due to the specific intercalation of Cu(PA)2 with dsDNA, the biosensor also exhibits good ability to recognize oligonucleotide with different base mismatching degree. After reading the article, we found that the author used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Reference of Picolinic acid)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Reference of Picolinic acid

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

The author of 《Cocrystals of Leflunomide: Design, Structural, and Physicochemical Evaluation》 were Cadden, Joseph; Klooster, Wim T.; Coles, Simon J.; Aitipamula, Srinivasulu. And the article was published in Crystal Growth & Design in 2019. Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2 The author mentioned the following in the article:

The use of cocrystn. as a tool to improve the pharmaceutical profile of the low-solubility drug leflunomide, used in the treatment of arthritis, is herein evaluated. Judicious selection of coformers based upon knowledge-based strategy and crystal engineering principles resulted in new cocrystals with pyrogallol, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-picolinic acid, and 2-aminopyrimidine. Characterization and structure determination of these systems were performed using x-ray diffraction. Crystal structure anal. revealed that the H bonding in the crystal structures corroborates well with the knowledge-based prediction tool. Physicochem. properties such as thermal behavior, stability, solubility, and dissolution rate of the pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystals were evaluated to assess their impact on the pharmaceutical profile of leflunomide. When compared with their parent compound leflunomide and the phys. mixtures, cocrystals exhibit improved physicochem. properties, showing their potential for development of new solid dosage forms. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《Scalable and Phosphine-Free Conversion of Alcohols to Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds through Blue-Light Promoted Iodination Reaction》 was published in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020. These research results belong to Liu, Bin; Elder, W. Zachary; Miyake, Garret M.. Recommanded Product: 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine The article mentions the following:

A simple route toward the diverse conversion of alcs. via an SN2 pathway, in which blue light promoted iodination is used to form alkyl iodide intermediates from simple unreactive alcs. ROH [R = hex-5-yn-1-yl, 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl, cyclopentyl, etc.] was reported. The scope of the process tolerates a range of nucleophiles R1H [R1 = CN, (4-bromophenyl)carbonyloxidanyl, quinolin-6-yloxidanyl, (furan-2-yl)carbonyloxy, etc.] to construct C-N, C-O, C-S, and C-C bonds. Furthermore, this method can be used for the preparation and late stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, as highlighted by the synthesis of thiocarlide, butoxycaine, and pramoxine. In the experiment, the researchers used 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine(cas: 103-74-2Recommanded Product: 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine)

2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine(cas: 103-74-2) belongs to pyridine. Pyridine is widely used in the precursor to agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Also, it is used as an important reagent and organic solvent.Recommanded Product: 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridine

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem