Category: 21829-25-4

Doris, Ursula published the artcileA sexy approach to pacemaking: differences in function and molecular make up of the sinoatrial node, Application In Synthesis of 21829-25-4, the main research area is pacemaking sinoatrial node human.

Functional properties of the sinoatrial node (SAN) are known to differ between sexes. Women have higher resting and intrinsic heart rates. Sex determines the risk of developing certain arrhythmias such as sick sinus syndrome, which occur more often in women. We believe that a major contributor to these differences is in gender specific ion channel expression. QPCR was used to compare ion channel gene expression in the SAN and right atrium (RA) between male and female rats. Histol., immunohistochem. and signal intensity anal. were used to locate the SAN and determine abundance of ion channels. The effect of nifedipine on extracellular potential recording was used to determine differences in beating rate between sexes. MRNAs for Cav1.3, Kir3.1, and Nkx2-5, as well as expression of the L-Type Ca2+ channel protein, were higher in the female SAN. Females had significantly higher intrinsic heart rates and the effect of nifedipine on isolated SAN preparations was significantly greater in male SAN. Computer modeling using a SAN cell model demonstrated a higher propensity of pacemaker-related arrhythmias in females. This study has identified key differences in the expression of Cav1.3, Kir3.1 and Nkx2-5 at mRNA and/or protein levels between male and female SAN. Cav1.3 plays an important role in the pacemaker function of the SAN, therefore the higher intrinsic heart rate of the female SAN could be caused by the higher expression of Cav1.3. The differences identified in this study advance our understanding of sex differences in cardiac electrophysiol. and arrhythmias.

Histology and Histopathology published new progress about Atrial arrhythmia. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Application In Synthesis of 21829-25-4.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Hamada, Teruki published the artcileMicrominipig: A suitable animal model to estimate oral absorption of sustained-release formulation in humans, Computed Properties of 21829-25-4, the main research area is pharmaceutical oral sustained release formulation gastrointestinal absorption simulation microminipig; Deconvolution analysis; Gastrointestinal absorption; Microminipig; Non-compartmental analysis; Sustained-release formulation.

We investigated the gastrointestinal absorption characteristics of oral sustained-release formulations in microminipigs, dogs, and monkeys in order to clarify the similarities in absorption properties between these animals and humans. Time profiles of oral absorption of nifedipine and valproic acid were calculated from the plasma concentration-time profiles of the drugs by a deconvolution method. The curves for both drugs in microminipigs were close to or slightly higher than those in humans, whereas those in monkeys were lower. Furthermore, the plasma concentration-time profiles of the drugs were subjected to non-compartmental anal. The fractions of a dose absorbed into the portal vein (FaFg) in microminipigs ranged from 50 to 100% of the human values, whereas those in monkeys were less than half the human values. In addition, the other absorption-related parameters for the sustained-release formulation in microminipigs, as well as monkeys, were comparable to those in humans. In conclusion, the oral absorption properties of microminipigs and humans were similar regarding the sustained-release formulations. Therefore, microminipig is a suitable animal model to estimate the oral absorption of sustained-release formulations in humans.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics (Amsterdam, Netherlands) published new progress about Biological uptake. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Computed Properties of 21829-25-4.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Kondo, Satoshi published the artcileSimultaneous Prediction of Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism Using the Mini-Ussing Chamber System, Computed Properties of 21829-25-4, the main research area is intestine absorption metabolism; intestinal absorption; intestinal metabolism; midazolam; mini-Ussing chamber; nifedipine; prediction; transport index (TI).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of simultaneous prediction of the intestinal absorption and metabolism in a mini-Ussing chamber equipped with rat intestinal tissues, based on the transport index (TI). TI value was defined as the sum of drug amounts, by mass balance method, transported to the basal-side component and drug amounts accumulated in the tissue, which are normalized by area under the curve of the drug in the apical compartment. Midazolam and nifedipine with high permeability were used as typical P 450 substrates to examine the possibility of simultaneous prediction of intestinal absorption and metabolism The metabolite formation of both compounds was observed and ketoconazole strongly inhibited the metabolite formation of both compounds in rat intestinal tissues, leading to the improvement of the TI value to a statistically significant extent for both compounds TI ratio of nifedipine between in the presence and absence of ketoconazole was larger than that of midazolam, which was consistent with the reported lower value of fraction absorbed multiplied by intestinal availability of nifedipine. Therefore, the mini-Ussing chamber, equipped with animal intestinal tissues, showed potential to predict the intestinal absorption and metabolism simultaneously.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Philadelphia, PA, United States) published new progress about Biological uptake. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Computed Properties of 21829-25-4.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

de Heus, Rianne A. A. published the artcileBlood pressure lowering with nilvadipine in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease does not increase the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, the main research area is Alzheimer disease orthostatic hypotension nilvadipine blood pressure; Alzheimer disease; adverse drug event; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; orthostatic hypotension; randomized controlled trial.

This secondary anal. of randomized controlled trial assessed whether antihypertensive treatment increases prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with Alzheimer disease. Methods and Results-Four hundred seventy-seven patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease were randomized to the calcium-channel blocker nilvadipine 8 mg/day or placebo for 78 wk. Presence of OH (blood pressure drop â‰?0/â‰?0 mm Hg after 1 min of standing) and OH-related adverse events (dizziness, syncope, falls, and fractures) was determined at 7 follow-up visits. Mean age of the study population was 72.2 ± 8.2 years and mean Mini-Mental State Examination score was 20.4 ± 3.8. Baseline blood pressure was 137.8 ± 14.0/77.0 ± 8.6 mm Hg. Grade I hypertension was present in 53.4%. After 13 wk, blood pressure had fallen by 7.8/-3.9 mm Hg for nilvadipine and by -0.4/-0.8 mm Hg for placebo . Across the 78-wk intervention period, there was no difference between groups in the proportion of patients with OH at study visit, nor in proportion of visits where a patient met criteria for OH, corrected for number of visits. OH-related adverse events were not more often reported in the intervention group compared with placebo. Results were similar for those with baseline hypertension. Conclusions-This study suggests that initiation of a low dose of antihypertensive treatment does not significantly increase the risk of OH in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease.

Journal of the American Heart Association published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Dyer, Adam H. published the artcileIs ongoing anticholinergic burden associated with greater cognitive decline and dementia severity in mild to moderate alzheimer’s Disease?, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, the main research area is nilvadipine anticholinergic agent cognition dementia Alzheimer disease; Alzheimers; Cognitive aging; Drug related; Medication.

Use of anticholinergic medication is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and/or dementia. Despite this, the impact of continuing medication with anticholinergic properties in those diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is not clear. Anal. of data from NILVAD, an 18-mo randomized controlled trial of Nilvadipine in AD. Effects of ongoing Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) on cognition (ADAS-Cog: Alzheimer’s Disease Cog Subsection) and dementia severity (CDR-sb: Clin. Dementia Rating – Sum of Boxes/DAD: Disability Assessment for Dementia) over 18 mo was evaluated adjusting for important clin. covariates. Just over one-quarter (27.90%, n = 142/510) of patients with mild to moderate AD were prescribed a potential/definite anticholinergic. While ACB score was not associated with greater progression on the ADAS-Cog/CDR-sb over time, a higher total ACB predicted greater dementia severity on the DAD, which persisted after robust covariate adjustment (β Coef: -1.53, 95% CI: -2.83 to -0.23, p = .021). There was a significant interaction between APOE ε4 status and ACB score, with carriers experiencing greater progression on both the CDR-Sb (β Coef: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.05-0.67, p = .021) and DAD (β Coef: -3.84, 95% CI: -7.65 to 0.03, p = .049). Ongoing use of anticholinergic medication was associated with greater dementia progression on the DAD, but not the CDR-sb. APOE ε 4 carriers may be particularly vulnerable to the effect of ongoing anticholinergic medication on dementia severity, with significant APOE ε 4 x ACB score interactions demonstrated on both the DAD and CDR-sb.

Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

de Jong, Daan L. K. published the artcileEffects of Nilvadipine on Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Trial, Product Details of C17H18N2O6, the main research area is Alzheimers disease nilvadipine cerebral blood flow; Alzheimer disease; blood pressure; disease progression; hippocampus; nilvadipine.

Cerebrovascular changes, including reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF), occur early in the development of Alzheimer disease and may accelerate disease progression. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated how 6 mo of treatment with the calcium antagonist nilvadipine would affect CBF in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease. CBF was measured with magnetic resonance arterial spin labeling in whole-brain gray matter and in a priori defined regions of interest including the hippocampus. Fifty-eight patients were randomly assigned (29 in each group), of whom 22 in both groups had no magnetic resonance exclusion criteria and were medication compliant over 6 mo. Mean age was 72.8±6.2 years, mean mini-mental state examination was 20.4±3.4. Nilvadipine treatment lowered systolic blood pressure (Δ = -11.5 [95% CI, -19.7 to -3.2] mm Hg; P<0.01), while whole-brain gray-matter CBF remained stable (Δ = 5.4 [95% CI, -6.4 to 17.2] mL/100 g per min; P = 0.36). CBF in the hippocampus increased (left: Δ = 24.4 [95% CI, 4.3-44.5] mL/100 g per min; P = 0.02; right: Δ = 20.1 [95% CI, -0.6 to 40.8] mL/100 g per min; P = 0.06). There was no significant change in CBF in the posterior cingulate cortex (Δ = 5.2 [95% CI, -16.5 to 27.0] mL/100 g per min; P = 0.63) or other regions of interest. In conclusion, nilvadipine reduced blood pressure and increased CBF in the hippocampus, whereas other regions showed stable or small nonsignificant increases in CBF. These findings not only indicate preserved cerebral autoregulation in Alzheimer disease but also point toward beneficial cerebrovascular effects of antihypertensive treatment. Hypertension published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Product Details of C17H18N2O6.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Wang, Yifan published the artcileInvolvement of p75NTR in the effects of Aβ on L-type Ca2+ channel in cultured neuronal networks, Safety of Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, the main research area is NTR calcium channel cultured neuronal network; AD; Aβ; L-type Ca(2+) channel; p75NTR.

Ca2+ overload in neurons has been implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Upregulation of Ca2+ through L-type Ca2+ channels was known to be involved in the neurodegeneration induced by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in AD. However, little is known about the mechanism by which upregulation of L-type Ca2+ channel currents is linked to Aβ-induced neuronal toxicity. In the present study, we found that the L-type Ca2+ current in transgenic AD mice (Tg2576) neurons is greater than in wild-type (WT) neurons, and this Ca2+ channel current change were rescued in Tg2576/p75NTR+/- (p75 neurotrophin receptor) neurons. We further examined the changes in the gating of L-type Ca2+ channels following Aβ42 treatment, and the results showed that the L-type Ca2+ channel current was significantly increased by Aβ42 treatment in WT hippocampal neurons. Blocking or decreasing the expression of p75NTR eliminated the influence of Aβ42 on the L-type Ca2+ channel current in WT hippocampal neurons. We also evaluated how Aβ42 affected the voltage-dependent activation and inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels in cultured WT neurons. The results indicated that the half-maximal activation voltage (V1/2) was left shifted, and the half-inactivation voltage (V1/2) displayed a right shift in neuron treated by Aβ42. Decreasing the expression of p75NTR eliminated the effect of Aβ42 on voltage-dependent activation and inactivation of the L-type Ca2+ channel. These results indicate that Aβ42 changes L-type Ca2+ channel currents by modulating the channel’s activation and inactivation dynamics, while decreasing p75NTR expression can remove this effect.

Life Sciences published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Safety of Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Yang, Yongle published the artcileBenidipine, an anti-hypertensive drug, relaxes mouse airway smooth muscle, Computed Properties of 21829-25-4, the main research area is benidipine antihypertensive agent airway smooth muscle; Airway smooth muscle; Benidipine; Ca(2+) influx; L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels; Non-selective cation channels; Relaxation.

Benidipine is a dihydropyridine (DHP) derived Ca2+ antagonist, can block triple Ca2+ channels (L, N, and T). It has been used as a safety anti-hypertensive drug because of its long-acting relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle (VSM). However, whether benidipine has similar pharmacol. actions in airway smooth muscle (ASM) is unknown. This research aims to reveal the relaxant property and Ca2+ antagonistic effect of benidipine on ASM. The relaxant property of mouse ASM was investigated by tissue tension tests, and Ca2+ antagonistic effect was evaluated through patch-clamp techniques. Benidipine caused dose-dependent relaxations on high K+ (80 mM) induced precontraction in mouse ASM, which relied on inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ influx, and 1μM benidipine totally blocked L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (LVDCCs) currents in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Benidipine also showed dose-dependent inhibition of ACh-induced precontraction with or without the LVDCCs blocker nifedipine, and 100μM benidipine blocked ACh-stimulated Ca2+ influx through not only LVDCCs but also non-selective cation channels (NSCCs). Benidipine blocked LVDCCs and NSCCs to abolish these channels-mediated Ca2+ influx, which relaxed precontracted ASM. This study represented benidipine with a new potential medicinal value for ASM hypercontractility.

Life Sciences published new progress about Antihypertensives. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Computed Properties of 21829-25-4.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Peeters, Laura E. J. published the artcileClinical Applicability of Monitoring Antihypertensive Drug Levels in Blood, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, the main research area is blood antihypertensive drug dried spot venipuncture; antihypertensive drugs; drug monitoring; hypertension; limit of detection; phlebotomy.

This study was conducted to evaluate the clin. applicability of measuring drug concentrations of 8 antihypertensive drugs, using DBS and venipuncture. Furthermore, this study aimed to provide more insight into the between-patient variability in drug concentrations False-neg. values from DBS compared with a venipuncture were determined to assess drug adherence. A generalized estimating equation was used to estimate the model parameters, including sex, dose, age, weight, and the time interval, between drug intake and sampling, on the Cplasma (drug concentration in plasma). No false-neg. values were found when measuring nonadherence using DBS compared with venipuncture. A high variability in Cplasma between patients was observed, especially at peak concentrations with a fold change reaching from 2.3 to 35.2. The time of intake was significantly related to the height of the Cplasma in 7 of the 8 measured drugs with a P<0.05, but the influence of dose, weight, age, and sex on drug levels differed largely between the measured drugs. DBS is a reliable and convenient method to assess nonadherence to antihypertensive drugs in clin. practice. The Cplasma of the 8 antihypertensive drugs in this study show a large interindividual difference, and therefore, low plasma concentrations do not necessarily mean nonadherence. Nonadherence can only be confirmed if drug levels are undetectable, i.e., values below the lower limit of detection. Hypertension published new progress about Antihypertensives. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Woolston, Esther published the artcileComparison of the effects on maternal endothelial cell activation: an in vitro study of anti-hypertensive drugs clinically used in pre-eclampsia, Related Products of pyridine-derivatives, the main research area is methyldopa labetalol nifedipine metoprolol antihypertensive agent endothelial cell preeclampsia.

Endothelial cell dysfunction in pregnancy, which can be induced by placental factors, is the fundamental component of the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. The dysfunctional vascular endothelium disrupts the balance of vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive factors, resulting in increasing blood pressure. There is currently no effective treatment for pre-eclampsia and effective control of hypertension may reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality by prolonging gestation, especially in cases of early onset disease. To date methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine and metoprolol are recommended for controlling blood pressure in pre-eclampsia. All of these drugs have different mechanisms of action. In this in vitro study we investigated whether different types of anti-hypertensive drugs could have different effects on improving maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were exposed to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or pre-eclamptic sera or extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from pre-eclamptic placentae, in the presence of each of the studied anti-hypertensive drugs (methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine and metoprolol) or placebo for 24 h. Endothelial cell-surface adhesion mol. (ICAM-1) and monocyte adhesion were measured. The expression of cell-face ICAM-1 by HMEC-1 cells and THP-1 monocyte adherent to HMEC-1 that were exposed to three sep. well-known activators of endothelial cells in the presence of four anti-hypertensive drugs was significantly reduced regardless of the dose. However, the effect on the reduction of ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion was not significantly different between the four medications. Our data suggest that the beneficial effect on improving endothelial cell function by these commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs is seemingly independent of the anti-hypertensive mechanisms of the medication.

Journal of Human Hypertension published new progress about Antihypertensives. 21829-25-4 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C17H18N2O6, Related Products of pyridine-derivatives.

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem